关键词:风景园林； 颐和园； 治镜阁； 复原； 样式雷图档
Key words:Landscape Architecture; Summer Palace; Zhijing Pavilion; Restoration; Yangshi Lei's Archives
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——张 龙 高大伟 缪祥流[ZHANG Long, GAO Da-wei, MIAO Xiang-liu]　(2008年 第02期 页码/Page:)

摘要:治镜阁是清代乾隆盛期北京西郊三山五园中的一重要点景建筑，后荒废，在晚清曾有重修的设想，未果，目前仅存遗址。通过对遗址以及相关历史文献、档案和样式雷建筑图档的梳理、对比和分析，从中获取有效信息片断，同时综合清漪园时期诸点景楼阁的形象和乾隆皇帝标新立异的造园风格，得出治镜阁的整体形象。完成了复原初步设计，拓展了世界记忆文化遗产样式雷建筑图档的利用方向，为同类清代皇家建筑复原方法提供了借鉴。

Abstract:During the prosperous Qianlong Era (1735-1799), Zhijing Pavilion was an important scenic building in the royal gardens in the west suburb of Beijing. It is in disrepair as time goes by. Although people intended to rebuild it, there is only a site remained. The author gets effective information by analyzing the site, historical literature, document, and Yangshi Lei's archives, then restore the form of Zhijing Pavilion by combining the form of other important scenic pavilions in Qingyi Garden era and the novel gardening style of Qianlong himself. This restoration design which took a new usage of the Yangshi Lei's archives, and act as a reference of restoration design of other royal architecture in Qing dynasty.

内容:1 概 况
　　 治镜阁位于今颐和园西堤之西，藻鉴堂之北，团城湖的中心(图1)，始建于乾隆二十五年（1760年）①，咸丰十年（1860年）虽幸免于火，但随着火后清漪园的废弃也日益破败，光绪朝重修清漪园②，曾计划重修治镜阁，未果，现仅存遗址。
　　 治镜阁是当年清漪园营造三山仙境不可或缺的部分，它既是全园西侧的底景，也是向西沟通玉泉山静明园的空间节点。这一景观意向无论是在乾隆朝的《京畿水利图》，还是在光绪朝的《颐和园全图》中，均占有浓重的笔墨(图2、3)，两图中的治镜阁均有写意的成分，但都足以表明它作为清漪园理想模式的重要组成部分，已在世人心中留下了深刻印象。正是鉴于它在园中乃至向西沟通玉泉山静明园的景观作用，笔者对其展开了复原研究。
2 材料分析
2.1 遗址
　　 历经了100多年的风雨剥蚀，治镜阁的木构早已荡然无存，城台遗址也多处坍塌，经过简单的清理尚能看出大致格局(图4)。两圈夯土墙，内圈高约10m；中间为一“亞”字形空洞①；外圈高5m，距内圈夯土墙约5m；夯土墙外东、南、西、北4面有城门遗址存在，面阔三间。另外在城门的一侧和夯土墙上皆有排水设施的遗存，说明城台内部曾有独立的排水系统。
2.2 历史文献与档案
　　 相关治镜阁的文献记载，《日下旧闻考》[1]最为详细，但也只简单描述了其格局和匾额情况：“畅观堂西北湖中圆城，其上为治镜阁。圆城四门，南额曰豳风图画，北曰蓬岛烟霞，东曰秀引湖光，西曰清含泉韵。其中复为重城，四门额曰南华秋水，曰北苑春山，曰晖朗东瀛，曰爽凝西岭。阁制凡三层，下曰仰观俯察，中曰得沧州趣，上悬治镜阁额。[1]”
　　 至于初建的档案，迄今为止仅发现一条，就是上文提及的内务府奏销档中关于“圆城等处油饰彩画未竣工程”的记载。其他修缮档案也十分有限，仅存乾隆四十六年（1781年）《清漪园治镜阁拆修牌楼四座粘修蕴真平台净房牌坊板桥等处粘修销算银两总册》②：
　　 “清漪园治镜阁二柱三楼牌楼四座内……拆修满换中柱八根，挑换垂柱两根……添按戗木十六根……瓦九样，绿色剪边中心黄色琉璃脊瓦料。拆砌两边有碍琉璃宇墙八段……踏垛口八座，拆按青砂级石二十四块……东南拆宇墙八段……垛口十八座……东门楼下檐砸坏飞檐椽六根……”

1 Introduction
　　 Zhijing Pavilion is situated in the middle of a pond in the Summer Palace, which is on the west of West Dike and the north of Zaojian Hall. It was built in 1760 and ruined with the fall of Qing Dynasty. At the end of nineteen century, Empress Dowager Cixi planned to rebuild it, but failed. Now only a historic site remains.
　　 Zhijing Pavilion is an important landscape in the idea of Sanshan fairyland in Qingyi Garden (preexistence of the Summer Palace) since being established, which not only shaped the background of the garden but also formed a space node linking up Jingming Garden in the west. This landscape design intention appeared both in the “Painting of Irrigation Work of Beijing” (late eighteen century) and the “Full Painting of the Summer Palace” (late nineteen century, after Zhijing pavilion was ruined). Although the drawings on Zhijing Pavilion did not strictly follow its reality, it is enough to indicate that the pavilion made a strong impression on the painter and his contemporary citizens for its significance as a major part of the ideal design of Qingyi Garden. In order to re-establish the ideal design, the author starts a restoration research of Zhijing Pavilion.

2 Research Materials
2.1 Survey of the site
　　 The wood structure doesn’t exist any more. Many rammed-earth walls collapsed after they were corroded for more than 100 years. The general structure of Zhijing Pavilion become clear after the site was cleaned up. There are two circles of rammed-earth walls. The inner one is about 10-meter-high, and the outer is about 5-meter-high. There’s a distance of 5 meters between the two walls, and the inside of the inner wall is a hole looking like the Chinese character “亞” , while the outside of the outer wall is arrayed with four gate vestiges in each of four directions. Beside the gate and other places there are many drainage facilities remained, which shows that there was an independence drainage system in Zhijing Pavilion.
2.2 Collation of literature and archive
Among the correlated literature, the book Textual Research of Old Info in Beijing (Rixia Jiuwen Kao) did the best at detail recording. Yet even this book make no more than a brief description about Zhijing pavilion, on its aspects of general structure and inscription.
　　 There is a round castle in the middle of a pond in the northwest of Changguan Hall, and on the top of the castle is Zhijing pavilion. The round castle has four gates, and the south one is inscribed “picture of farming”, north “mist and clouds around the fairy island”, east “scenery from pond”, and west “clear melody of the spring”. Inside is another round castle, which also has four gates, with the south one inscribed “autumn south water”, north “spring north mountain”, east “sunrise east sea”, and west “sunset west mountain”. Above the castle is the pavilion, which has three floors with each one inscribed, the first “observe the world around”, the second “have interest of recluse”, and the third the title of “Zhijing pavilion”.
By far, there is only one piece of archive recording its original constructing process has been found, which is the record of Incomplete Painting Project of Round Castle (1760). The archives recording later constructing are inadequate either. Only two files remained. One is The Total Reckoning about the Repair of Memorial Arches before Zhijing Pavilion and Other Houses and Bridges in Qingyi Garden etc (1781).
“four 2-column-and-3-roof memorial arches of Zhijing Pavilion in Qingyi garden…to change eight columns and two lop columns…and sixteen oblique columns…the ninth grade of tile, yellow tile with green edge…to disassemble and build eight sections of colored-glaze low-wall…eight steps…eighteen battlements…six broken fly-rafters of the down eaves of the east building…”

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