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工业化国家的城市改造政策:文化的标准和环境的关注 |
键词:风景园林; 环境; 公共政策; 废弃和更新 摘要:新公共政策在某种程度上是通过对其他国家过去的经验的检验发展而来的。因此,需要充分认识模仿的局限性和政策调整的必要条件。通过英国和美国的比较来展示城市改造政策中将会存在的文化方面和环境污染经验方面的细微差别。来自工业化国家的经验可能对第三世界的城市中心有借鉴意义,因为它们都被废弃和更新活动所影响。提出任何国家在考虑其他地区的经验以决定其关联性和变更性时都需要考虑的问题。除了经济条件和富裕情况的不同,需考虑的主要因素包括:(1)国家的状况——中央集权和人口的多样性;(2)对市场的依赖——对经济活动的公共规则的接受;(3)财产和所有权的概念——公共土地所有权的程度;(4)对环境风险的感知和承受力——人为灾难的经验;(5)土地使用控制系统——档案记录的质量和土地信息的公开;(6)公共政策的决策过程——以及邻里之间对决策的影响程度;(7)“经济发展”的程度——满足基本需求的程度和人口的迁移模式。 Abstract:New public policies are developed in part through examination of the past experiences of other jurisdictions. Thus the limits of imitation and requirements of policy adaptation need to be well understood. This paper compares the United States and United Kingdom to show how small differences in cultures and experience with environmental pollution the urban regeneration policies can have. Experiences from industrialized nations may hold useful lessons for the urban centers of the third world, since all are affected by abandonment and relocation. The paper derives questions that any jurisdiction needs to ask when considering another area’s experiences to determine their relevance and transferability. Key factors to be considered, in addition to differences in economic conditions and affluence, include: * The National State—its centralization and population diversity * Reliance on Market Processes—acceptance of public regulation of economic activity * Conceptions of Property and Ownership Rights—extent of public land ownership * Environmental Risk Perceptions and Tolerances—experience with man-made disasters * Systems of Land Use Controls—quality of record-keeping and public disclosure of land conditions * Public Policy Decision-Making Processes—and the extent of neighbourhood influence over decisions * Extent of ‘Economic Development’—coverage of basic needs, and population migration patterns 内容: 本文通过对美国和英国这2个看似具有惊人相似的工业史、经济发展,甚至共同语言的国家进行对比,揭示了在文化标准、对待环境污染的历史经验及其成效上即使存在微小的差别,也会对城市改造的设计、实施产生重大的影响。 1 问题:废弃和遗留的风险 |
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