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融通型 互动式 多尺度 公共性——清华大学风景园林教育思想及其实践 |
关键词:风景园林； 景观； 教育； 清华大学； 融通； 互动 Abstract:This paper expounds the education philosophy and practice of landscape architecture in Tsinghua University of China, including the education philosophy with essential features of "integrating wisdom of eastern and western, wisdom of ancient Chinese thinking and new technology" the curriculum with essential features of "trans-disciplinary and balance between theories and practice" the studio with essential features of "multi-scales and public concerns" and strategies of discipline construction with essential features of "integration and interaction". The interactions include those between study and teaching, planning and design, new knowledge and old meaning, Chinese and foreign countries, different disciplines, and theory and practice. 内容: 回顾中外风景园林学科的发展历程，不难发现，（古代）园林（Garden）向（近现代）风景园林（Landscape Architecture）①的拓展和转变具有3个明显的趋势：服务对象方面，从主要为少数人服务到主要为公众服务；知识结构方面，从以美学为基础到以融贯的多学科为基础；研究与实践范围方面，从较为单一的尺度到多尺度②。清华大学风景园林教育的理念和实践是以这个基本认识为前提的。 1 教育理念：东西容通，新旧合治 “中与外”“新与旧”之间的关系，是风景园林教育不能回避的一个问题。毫无疑问，中国的山水美学和古代园林的博大精深、源远流长是人类智慧的结晶[2]，是中国风景园林学科建设的“树之根”和“水之源”。同时也需承认欧洲等不同文明古代园林的重要价值以及工业革命以来美国在（近现代）风景园林学科（Landscape Architecture）的体系建设、理论研究和技术发展方面所做出的系统贡献。 针对“东与西”“新与旧”的问题，清华风景园林教育的理念是：“东西容通、新旧合治。”这个理念是清华传统精神的延续，也是清华大学的学者前辈们在20世纪上半叶思考同一问题时的智慧沉淀。清华大学的老校歌中有“东西文化，荟萃一堂”，“新旧合治，殊途同归”的歌词[3]。清华老校长梅贻琦③先生在《大学一解》中论到：“今日中国之大学教育，溯其源流，实自西洋移植而来。顾制度为一事，而精神又为一事。就制度言，中国教育史中固不见有形式相似之组织；就精神言，则文明人类之经验大致相同，而事有可通者……则此地无中外，时无古今，无往而不可通者也。[4]”清华老校友钱钟书④先生在《谈艺录》中说“东海西海，心理攸同；南学北学，道术未裂。[5]” 笔者认为，“东西容通”始于“容”，终于“通”，关键在“通”；“新旧合治”始于“治”，终于“合”，关键在“合”。如果将清华的风景园林教育比喻成一棵树，那么，中国社会、经济和文化等国情是这棵树生存的土壤；中国古典园林和山水美学是这棵树成长的根系；而现代风景园林理论和技术（Theories and Technologies of Landscape Architecture）是这棵树发育所需的空气和水分，三者缺一不可。东与西、新与旧都只是手段而不是目的，它们的“通”和“合”才是解决风景园林领域“适时适地”具体问题的可靠路径，不管这些问题出现在中国还是外国。 1 Education Philosophy: Integrating Wisdom of the East and West, and Wisdom of Ancient Chinese Thinking and New Technology The relationship between the East and the West and the relationship between the Old and the New are unavoidable issues in landscape architecture education in China. On these issues, the education philosophy in Tsinghua University is “integrating wisdom of the East and West, and wisdom of ancient Chinese thinking and new technology”. Such philosophy is a continuation of the traditional spirit of Tsinghua University and a representation of the collective wisdom of intellectual forerunners of Tsinghua University on the same question in the first half of the 20th Century. The alma mater song of Tsinghua University bears such lyrics as “here assembles the East and West culture” and “integration of the old and the new leads to the same end”. Mr. Mei Yiqi, ex-president of Tsinghua University, argued in his An Interpretation of University, “Today’s university education in China, in terms of origins, is transplanted from the West. The educational system is one thing, and spirit is another. In terms of the system, there is nothing similar to such organizations in form in the educational history of China; in terms of the spirit, experiences of the civilized people are much the same and there are lessons to be drawn from within…In this regard, it make no difference where you are and what time era you are in as all things are kind of similar”. Mr. Qian Zhongshu, a Tsinghua alumnus, pointed out in his essay On the Art of Poetry, “The hearts and minds of peoples by the East and by the West are the same. There is no distinction between the doctrines of the North and South schools.” The author holds that “the integration of the East and West” starts with “coexistence” and ends with “integration” and that “the combination of the pursuing of the Old and New” starts with “balanced pursuing” and ends with “combination”. If landscape architecture education in Tsinghua University is compared to a tree, then the basic conditions of China composed of the social, economic and cultural dimensions constitute the soil on which the very existence of the tree relies; the classical gardens and Chinese landscape aesthetics are the root system on which the tree relies for growth; and the modern theories and technologies of landscape architecture, the oxygen and water essential for the growth of the tree. None of the above could be lack of. The East and the West, and the Old and the New are not the end but means to the end, their integration and combination are a reliable solution to concrete problems of landscape architecture, responsive in both spatial and time terms, be they vernacular or exotic. The idea of setting up the discipline of landscape architecture in Tsinghua University was brought up by Prof. Liang Sicheng in the 1940’s and actualized by Prof. Wu Liangyong and Prof. Wang Juyuan in the early 1950’s. In Prof. Liang’s plan of setting up School of Architecture in Tsinghua University in 1949, Department of Architecture, Department of Urban Planning, and Department of Landscape Architecture were included. In 1951, under the auspices of Prof. Wu and Prof. Wang, “Program of Landscape Architecture” was established in Tsinghua University. In October 2003, Department of Landscape Architecture was set up in Tsinghua and Laurie Olin, a well-known American landscape architect and Professor of University of Pennsylvania, became the first department head and chair professor. By December 2007 nine foreign scholars came to teach in the Department of Landscape Architecture for 15 times over the 4 years’ time. Therefore the “integration of the East and the West” has been an outstanding feature of the landscape architecture education of Tsinghua for over half a century. It is worth mentioning that “coexistence” does not represent “integration” but only forms the foundation of “integration”. “Coexistence” relates to “physical reaction” while “integration” relates to “chemical reaction”. To shift from tolerating the coexistence of the East and the West to integrating the East and the West in its real sense, there is still a long way to go for development of the landscape architecture discipline in Tsinghua University. |
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