关键词:风景园林； 中国； 学术研究； 硕士学位论文
Key words:Landscape Architecture; China; Academic Research; Master Degree Thesis
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——李瑞冬 刘滨谊[LI Rui-dong, LIU Bin-yi]　(2007年 第09期 页码/Page:55)

摘要:通过对北京大学、北京林业大学、重庆大学、东南大学、华南农业大学、华中科技大学、南京林业大学、天津大学、同济大学、中国农业大学10所院校1996—2006年来风景园林硕士学位论文的统计分类，从广度和深度两方面分析硕士学位论文的写作数量变化、研究领域与方向、研究特征、存在问题等多方面内容，以期分析总结近10余年来中国风景园林学科学术研究的发展脉络，从而探寻未来中国风景园林学科学术研究的发展趋势。

Abstract:Through the survey of Master degree theses on landscape architecture from Peking University, Beijing Forestry University, Chongqing University, Southeast University, South China Agricultural University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Tianjin University, Tongji University, and China Agricultural University from 1996 to 2006, the analysis in width and depth is made on the aspects like the quantity changes, research areas and directions, research features and existing problems of Master degree theses, so as to analyze and summarize the academic research development lines of landscape architecture in China in recent 10 years, and explore the development trend of future academic research of landscape architecture.

内容:3 1996—2006年来中国主要高校风景园林学科硕士
学位论文的研究和发展趋势
3.1 写作院校
　　 本论文收集筛选了北京大学、北京林业大学、重庆大学、东南大学、华南农业大学、华中科技大学、南京林业大学、天津大学、同济大学、中国农业大学10所院校的风景园林类硕士学位论文541篇(表1)[4]。从授予硕士学位的院校来看，中国风景园林学科硕士学位授予单位基本可分为两大类高校，即农林类院校如北京林业大学、华南农业大学、南京林业大学、中国农业大学等，建筑类院校如重庆大学、东南大学、华中科技大学、天津大学、同济大学等。前者论文总数为311篇，占57.49%，后者论文总数为220篇，占40.67%（北京大学为综合、人文类院校，未记入这两类中）。
3.2 数量变化
　　 从1996—2006年，在本研究共收集到的风景园林学科硕士学位论文541篇中，2002年之前数量发展平稳，基本在10～35篇/年。从2000年研究生扩招及部分院校增设风景园林方向研究生教育后，于2002年硕士学位论文数量开始急剧上升，于2002—2005年，分别达到48、64、84、99、101篇（在本文收集的数据中，部分院校如北京大学、天津大学2006年论文数据未完全录入数据库，2006年实际数量应该更多）。从论文篇数的增幅可见风景园林专业人才的增加及越来越广泛的社会需求(图1)。
3.3 研究领域与方向
从1996—2006年来中国风景园林学科的硕士学位论文篇数统计来看，研究领域可谓理论与实践并重，其中风景园林学科专业理论240篇，占44.36%，实践301篇，占55.64%。从理论上具体可分为形态与美学、生态与环境、心理与文化3个方向，分别为35、174、31篇，占总数的6.47%、32.16%和5.73%；实践具体可分为资源与保护、规划与设计、工程与管理3个方向，分别为41、206、54篇，占总数的7.58%、38.08%和 9.98%(表2)。
进而对研究收集的541篇论文根据研究领域、方向和对象进行细分，又可分为风景园林美学与文化、风景园林历史与评论、风景园林植物栽培与培育、风景园林植物应用、生态学、风景园林教育、风景园林工程学、城市风景园林规划设计、风景旅游区规划设计、现代技术在风景园林学中的应用、特殊景观及其他等类型。其中风景园林植物栽培与培育、风景园林植物应用、城市风景园林规划设计、风景旅游区规划设计为主要的研究类型，分别为108篇、47篇、167篇和85篇，占总数的19.96％、8.69％、30.87％和15.71％，而对风景园林教育和风景园林工程学的研究却相对较少，分别只有3篇和6篇，占总数的0.55％和1.11％(图2、3)。
3.4 研究特征
(1)在课题选择上，近10余年来中国风景园林学科硕士学位论文随中国社会经济的发展而发展，研究领域和选题范畴从以往的园林专业逐渐向外拓展，基本涵盖了风景园林学科的主要研究领域；
(2)课题类型上，近10余年来的硕士学位论文构架起了中国风景园林学科理论上以形态与美学、生态与环境、心理与文化为方向的理论体系，在实践上以资源与保护、规划与设计、工程与管理为方向的实践范畴；
(3)从课题来源来看，研究课题60%以上来源于具体社会实践和社会需求，是社会实践的需求导致了研究课题的产生；
(4)从研究目的看，近10余年来硕士学位论文均希望在构建理论框架的同时，注重其实用价值，体现风景园林学科工科研究的特点；
(5)在研究方法上，大多数硕士学位论文注重理论与实践的有机结合，对研究对象的界定、研究的方法模型、研究的目标、研究的流程等方面均体现了从实践归纳产生理论或对现有理论进行补充和提升，并以理论进而指导实践的循环过程。
3.5 存在的问题
(1)在课题选择和研究对象上，近10余年来中国风景园林学科硕士学位论文尽管基本涵盖了风景园林学科的主要研究领域，但农林院校的研究过多集中在植物的栽培和培育方面，而建筑类院校则过多集中在规划实践方面，在风景园林心理与文化、风景园林资源与保护、风景园林历史与评论、中外园林的对比与分析、现代技术在风景园林学中的应用以及风景园林材料等领域的研究相对较少。而在实践类研究对象的区域分布上，与中国社会的发展现实相一致，大多论文将研究对象界定在城市风景园林上，而对乡村景观与园林的研究则较少，后者在本研究中收集到的541篇论文中只有12篇，占总数的2.22％，而前者则多达167篇（其中161篇研究规划设计，6篇研究城市生态），占总数的30.87％；
(2)在研究对象的选择上，不少论文的范畴偏大，从而导致论文大而全却不精，部分题目应是多类专项研究的合成，需要较长时间的研究和考证才能得出结论，远远超过了硕士学位论文的时间和能力范畴；
(3)在论文题目的确定方面，在逻辑路线上普遍存在以偏概全的现象，在本研究中收集到的252篇风景园林规划设计类论文中，有28篇的题目为xxx的研究——以xxx为例，约占总数的11.11％，同时近20％的论文在内容安排和写作上具有以个案代表共性的特征。研究者试图研究某类风景园林规划设计在理论和方法上的共性，并通过案例来进行个性分析，从而对理论和方法进行补充完善，动机不错，但在写作过程中欠缺对共性的演绎，而案例选择的单一性和特殊性又不足以通过个性归纳出共性特征，从而导致在论文写作上出现以个案代表共性，以偏概全的现象。这不仅是风景园林学科硕士论文的不足，也是目前大部分硕士学位论文的通病；
(4)在文章写作方面，绝大多数文章囿于学校论文格式的规定，过于强调论文的规范性、流程性，在论文结构、章节安排、论证等方面缺少创意，往往形成理论文献综述、研究探索、案例分析或参考等“三段式”的偏于八股文式的论文写作模式，规范有余，可读性较差。进而使得论文理论分析和实证研究结合不够紧密，出现了约30%以上典型的理论和实证分离“两张皮式”的论文，而理论分析和实证研究紧密结合的论文则较难看到；
(5)在研究方法上，大部分论文，尤其是近3年来的论文，存在文献综述过多，观点、论点、结论偏少，即以综述来替代分析思考的弊病。部分论文在写作中，几乎2/3为理论文献综述，引用各类相关理论，但研究者对理论的观点不明，赞成或否定在文章中无法看出，偏于理论的堆砌，却甚少作者自己对理论的总结、归纳、认知和结论。在论文中只能看到作者的文献收集能力，却显示不出其对文献的综述和对问题的综合分析能力。

The Research Development of Landscape Architecture in Main Colleges in China Based on Theses Statistics——A Review of Master Degree Theses on Landscape Architecture in China in Recent 10 Years and Prospect
LI Rui-dong, LIU Bin-yi
1 Introduction
In late 1990s, with the all-round development of society and economy, a rush of landscape construction took place in China and thousands of professionals entered into the field of landscape planning and design. Landscape design has become the hottest profession in China since 2004. In order to meet the social demands, many colleges and universities started to establish the landscape architecture major one after another, and several hundreds of degree theses especially the master degree theses are completed in recent 10 years.
However, on the background of development of “Globalization” and “Education Reformation”, we have to answer the following questions among the degree theses:
1) Could the degree theses meet with the landscape architecture practice demand in China?
2) What is the research character of the theses?
3) Could the degree theses reflect the development direction of landscape architecture research, education and practice in China?
4) What is the future tendency of research of landscape architecture in China?
In the paper we will report on our survey of the master degree theses from the universities of China which have set up programs in landscape architecture, such as Peking University, Beijing Forestry University, Southeast University, Nanjing Forestry University, Tongji University etc, illustrating the nature of research in landscape architecture at thesis level between 1996 and 2006, to analyze and summarize the research the existing research situation and tendencies of the theses on landscape architecture in recent 10 years in China.

2 Data source and classification
Data in this paper are mainly collected from Wanfang Database, the Architecture and Urban Planning School Library of Tongji University and Peking University Library, etc.
The classification of theses collected between 1996 and 2006 is according to colleges and universities of composition, changing in quantity and researching fields etc, and the analysis results are from statistical analysis in Excel system after collection and classification of data.

3 Researching and developing trend of theses on landscape architecture from 1996 to 2006
3.1 Colleges and universities involved with composition
In terms of colleges and universities involved with composition of theses on landscape architecture, the total 541 theses collected in the paper mainly fall into 2 categories(Table 1), i.e., those of agriculture and forestry such as Beijing Forestry University, South China Agricultural University, Nanjing Forestry University, China Agricultural University, etc., and those of architecture such as Chongqing Architecture University, Southeast University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tianjin University and Tongji University, etc. Total number of theses from the former is 311, accounting 57.49%, and the latter 220, accounting 40.67%.
3.2 Changing in quantity
The 541 theses are collected for this research from 1996 through 2006, among which the number before 2002 developed stably, averaged at 10~35 pieces per year. And after expanding enrollment of graduate students in 2000, the number of theses rose fiercely from 2002 and reached 48, 64, 84, 99, 101 annually between 2002 and 2006. From amplitude of the number of theses we can see that landscape architecture major has become more and more popular in China(Figure 1).
3.3 Researching fields and orientation analysis
In terms of statistics of theses on landscape architecture in China between 1995 and 2006, theory and practice in researching field are placed equally, where the number of specialized theory is 240, accounting 44.36%, and the number of practice on landscape studies is 301, accounting 55.64%. Theoretically, the theses fall into 3 orientations of Form & Aesthetics, Environment & Ecology, and Psychology & Culture, while practically they fall into another 3 orientations of Resources & Conversation, Planning & Design and Construction & Management(Table 2). Detailed researching fields can be classified into 11 orientations such as Landscape Architecture Aesthetics and Culture, Landscape Architecture History and Criticism, Cultivation and Protection of Plants, Plants Planning and Design, Ecology, Landscape Architecture Education, Landscape Architecture Engineering and Construction, Urban Landscape Architecture Planning and Design, National Park and Resort Planning and Design, Landscape Architecture Technologies and Applications, Special Landscape Architecture, etc (Figure 2,3).
3.4 Characteristics analysis
1) In terms of topic selection, theses on landscape architecture between 1996 and 2006 developed with Chinese social and economical development, and category of topic selection expanded out from major of landscape and gardening before, which have basically covered main research fields of landscape architecture;
2) In terms of topic type, the theses have formed system into the theoretical category oriented to Form & Aesthetics, Environment & Ecology, Psychology & Culture, and the practical category oriented to Resources & Conservation, Planning & Design, Construction & Mmanagement;
3) In terms of topic source, over 60% of research topics came from specific social practice and demands, and demands of social practice gives birth to research topics;
4) In terms of purpose of research, all theses try to pay attention to practical value to embody characteristics of research on engineering course of landscape architecture during construction of theoretical structure;
5) In terms of research methods, most theses pay attention to organic combination of theory and practice, all of which embody the circulating course inducing theory from practice or supplement and advancement to existing theories and directing practice with theories in aspects of definition of research subject, research methodology model, objective of research and research procedures, etc.
3.5 Existing problems
1) In terms of topic selection and objective of research, theses on landscape architecture in China between 1996 and 2006 basically covered main researching fields of landscape architecture. However, colleges and universities of agriculture and forestry focus too much on cultivation and protection of plants, while those of architecture focus too much on landscape planning and practice, and less on research on landscape psychology and culture, landscape recourses and conversation, landscape history, comparison and analysis of foreign and Chinese landscape architecture, application of modern science in landscape architecture and landscape materials, etc.;
2) In terms of research subject, a lot of theses were involved with a too large category, which results in large volume, comprehensiveness but no extract of theses. Parts of the topics should be combination of various specialized researches, which can be concluded after study and textual research, and exceeded the limit of time and ability for master theses by far;
3) In terms of determination of titles, there are cases where titles seem relatively partial for the whole context, among which 31％ share the characteristics to represent generality with individual cases in contents and composition;
4) In terms of composition, in about 30% of theses, theoretical analysis was not closely enough connected with practical research, and most of them were in such a pattern like stereotyped writing as overview of theoretical literature, exploration in planning and design, case analysis or the 3-paragraphed exploring style, which seemed standard enough but lacking of readability;
5) In terms of research method, most theses, especially those during the latest 3 years, share the disadvantage of too much overview of literature but lacking of viewpoints, arguments and conclusions.

4 Developing trend and improving measures of theses on landscape architecture in China in future
Based on the above analysis, we think research on landscape architecture in China in future, especially research on theses can be reinforced in the following aspects:
1) To extend research fields, specially those on developing orientation of landscape architecture in China combining eco developing ideas and policies such as sustainable development, establishment of harmonious society and circulating economy, etc.;
2) To intensify complementation and cooperation between colleges and universities of various types, combine agriculture and forestry with architecture, intensify practical application of research on planting breeding in planning and design, and intensify research on landscape culture studies, landscape aesthetics and landscape ethnics etc., combining development of human culture studies;
3) To intensify research on landscape construction and protection and management combining unprecedented force of landscape construction in China, duly generalize construction experiences, investigate new materials and techniques through specialized education in engineering master education and provide engineering supporting techniques for reference of construction and management organizations;
4) To increase research on policies and codes, business management, etc, to provide a foundation for management departments to formulate policies and management measures concerning landscape as required by social development.
5) To improve research methods through the degree education process.

作者简介:李瑞冬/1973年生/男/山西和顺人/同济大学景观学系讲师/国家注册城市规划师/同济大学城市规划与设计方向2004级在职博士研究生（上海 200092）
刘滨谊/1957年生/男/教授/博士/同济大学景观学系系主任/同济大学风景科学研究所所长/美国ASLA终身荣誉会员/国际景观生态学会中国分会理事/中国风景园林学会理事（上海 200092）