摘要:

内容:1 “居山”与“隐贵山居”
回想一下人类的聚居行为颇为有趣，当年我们的祖先拼命从险山恶水的自然环境中挣脱出来，为的是得到更加安全和便利的聚居条件，但似乎从那一刻起本能式的回归意识便时刻魂牵梦绕，隐隐作响；其实无论是脱离自然还是回归自然，对于现实而言两者皆是虚幻和理想的，既然是理想，人们对其两难的向往也就从没有、也不会间断。
中国历史中重提“山居”而影响最为深远的是谢灵运，他在《山居赋》中明确提出：“巢居穴处曰岩栖，栋宇居山曰山居”，这位对于我们如同西赛罗（Ciecero）和普林尼（Plinius）对于罗马后民的先哲，把中国山居哲学上升到了一种传统文化基石的精神高度。
“山居良有异乎市尘，抱疾就闲，顺从性情”，谢灵运的“山居”是一种更为高级的平衡状态，自给自足的田园生活文化和与原生自然环境的高度契合使宜人山居的模式成为后人效仿的典范。
其实倡导和实践“山居”理念的主体并不是那些“苦行僧”，而是“隐贵”。世上多是凡人，真正的苦行僧并不多，最后多也纷纷逃到了城市，可见宜人山居是有条件的，经济实力和文化品性均不可或缺。“隐贵”作为中国传统文化的特殊现象，源自文人士大夫的“隐世”情结，可其中真正想“隐”的绝是少数，而大多是等待机会，这些即使隐世也是腰缠万贯的“隐士”们，山居成为他们伺机从政的基地，谢灵运便是其中的典型。

2 “隐贵山居”与“诗意山居”
问题不在于是“隐”或是“贵”，而在于“隐贵”的精神气质是什么？无论“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的陶渊明，还是明月照松清泉流石的王维，隐贵们田园山居的理想无疑是充满诗意的，这种诗意让他们的人格在官场内外的矛盾湍流中得以不断洗练升华。
诗意是一种境界，诗意是一种精神，山居又是诗意最好的空间载体，诗意山居是山居理想的最高境界。
在传统价值观已经失之八九的当代，富贵标尺早已面目全非，那些以素药艳澹泊明志的人文精华逐渐为躁动所取代，即使作为观者，也感到山居的真正理想正离我们愈发遥远。看来，重提六朝文化“诗意山居”的价值导向还颇有些现实意义。

1 "Mountain Habitat" and the "Reclusive and Noble Mountain Habitat"
It is interesting to recollect human's behavior on residence that our ancestor struggled with inclement mountain environment seeking for a more peaceful and convenient resident condition but meanwhile the instinct of regressing mountain was aroused from that moment. Whether disengaging or regressing nature, both are shadowy or utopian to reality. But people will never flinch on chasing after ideality though it is in a dilemma.
The people who influenced most on mountain residence in historical China was Xie kangle as he identified in his book "Prose on Mountain Residence": making a rocky residence in a aperture, making a mountain residence up the hill. As important as Ciecero and Plinius to their late generation, sage Xie exalted the philosophy of mountain residence as a foundation stone of traditional culture.
In fact the advocators and executants on mountain residence were meanly hermit noble, instead of disciplinant. There are few authentic disciplinant, who finally hid out in cities, so the requirements of financial condition and culture apperceive indispensable. As a special phenomenon in Chinese conventional culture, "Hermit noble" derived from the ideas of hermitry of literators and politics. But few of them would like to be real hermit; most were waiting for chances to become a politic with greater possibilities provided by mountain residence. Xie was a representative of them.

2 The "Reclusive and Noble Mountain Habitat" and the New Poetic Mountain Habitat
The problem is not due to whether it is "reclusive" or "noble", it is what the spiritual meaning of "reclusive nobleness". Whether Tao Yuanming who wrote the poem of "while picking asters beneath the eastern fence，my gaze upon the southern mountain rests", or Wang Mojie who wrote "among pine-trees bright moonbeams peer, over crystal stones flows water clear", it is no doubt that the ideal of mountain residence of the hermits is very poetic. This kind of poetic spirit makes their personalities sublime in the officialdom.
Poetic meaning is a kind of state, a kind of spirit. The mountain residence is the best spatial carrier of the poetic meaning. Poetic mountain residence is the highest state of the ideal of mountain residence.
Nowadays, the traditional values are almost lost, the criteria for fortune and noble has changed a lot. The indifference of fame and fortune——the traditional humanistic spirits——are replaced by the fickleness and greedy desire for money. It is even clear to a stander-by that the real ideal of mountain residence is getting farther and farther away. Therefore, there is definitely realistic meaning to mention the ancient values of "poetic mountain residence".

3 The New Poetic Mountain Habitat and "Maple Woods"
The author has been involved with the "Maple Woods" project for quite a long time. Three years ago, upon the author's first visit, the site evoked the verses written by a Tang poet Li Dong, On Celebrating the Visit of a Friend at the Hillside Dwelling, which the author felt suits as a gift to the owner: "in sunny weather I went into the clouds to cut Fulin and back, when the sun sets I meet you among the rocks and trees, you see I have nothing else to receive you, just half pool of autumn water and a room of mountain view."
Now as time has passed, to once again observe the conditions of the site, the author feels still more strongly the preciousness of its location. The northwest region of Beijing suburban area possesses the most delicate landscape, which has been demonstrated by the construction of Five Imperial Gardens in Qing Dynasty. Though lots of damages have been done to the landscape since its prime time, the historical background and cultural treasure survived. Physically, with Yuquan Hill to its left, Jingyi Garden at the right, in the north Banshan Hill to lean to, and the south adjoining Fifth Ring Road, the site easily counts as one of the few top sites for hillside dwellings construction in Beijing.
Among the rich heritages of traditional Mountain Habitat culture, the Tang maestro of literature Li Xiang concisely generalized the keys to ideal hillside dwelling from a special point of view. During a field trip to the Lingjiu Temple, he was inspired and wrote: "all the hillside dwellings rely on strange rocks and surprising peaks, running waters, deep pools, old trees, nice herbs, fresh flowers, and visual depth to acquire serenity; in the southern regions where hillside habitats are commonly preferred, I observed these seven aspects, and they are the most beautiful hillside dwellings in the world." Afterwards, people call these seven points "Seven Keys to Fine Hillside Dwellings". Among these seven points, one point considers hills and rocks, two waters, three vegetation, and the last but most interesting, considering the sound visual relationship between the dwelling and its surroundings, is in fact the critical point of a nice hillside dwelling.
When compared with other residential projects, it is not hard to see that "visual depth" is also just the greatest advantage point of the project. Located on the visual corridor from Yuquan to Fragrance Hill, the site provides background views of both. While the "seven keys" referred to existing conditions, as Li Xiang sighed it was hard to possess all seven, applied to landscape design, when "visual depth" is presenting, it is possible to create all "seven keys".
The structure of external spaces is clear. Two short axis confirm and extend the south-north visual depth, while the two longitudinal axis keeps open the corridor of borrowed landscape to Yuquan and Fragrance Hill. To this structure we add poetic design concepts inspired by the "seven keys": "Up Hill Threat", "the Reflected Sky", "the Spring Space", "the Heaven Woods", "the Bamboo Fragrance Path", "the Flowering Valley" and "Quiet Faraway Thoughts", running through them all is the idea of "visual depth".
The value of landscape does not depend on its amount, but on its fitness. We take the reinterpretation of "seven keys" to "New Poetic Hillside Residence" as an important initial point for the external environment design. While the project title "Maple Woods" has already provided a detached, poetic feeling, so it is quite natural to build a "Poetic Hillside Habitat" after the name, here the critical problem comes to the realization of the "new".
Generally speaking, the style of architecture dominates the space character of residence environment; therefore it is hard to expect that with an environmental design conflicting with the architecture style a harmony of the entire community could be achieved. The buildings of 81# Courtyard Fragrance Hill adopt the tone of Wright's Prairie House style, which does not directly relate to but has inherited some spirit from the Chinese tradition. The horizontally extending, large scale eaves form a dramatic landscape characteristic which, objectively speaking is in tune with the landform, but in visual language the traditional landscape form would fail to speak to. In our design strategy, traditional forms are not adopted, and the tough style of Beijing hillside villages is taken as a basic model. The dark grey original rocks from the hills are used to build a series of retaining walls along the hillside. Using up-to-date space design techniques, a strong, integral landscape style typical to residential communities is formed. This style melts with the style of building environment to create a harmonious co-existence, while also carries the heritage of both the site and Chinese Mountain Habitat Tradition. The temperament of the New Mountain Residence landscape is plain and detached, just resembling the pool of autumn water amid Maple Woods.
(Translated by FENG Shu-ni, ZHAO Fei-fei, ZHANG Zhen-wei)

作者简介:朱育帆/1970年生/男/上海人/博士/清华大学建筑学院景观学系副教授/北京清华城市规划设计研究院景观学vs设计学研究中心主任(北京 100084)
姚玉君/1974年生/女/新疆人/硕士/北京清华城市规划设计研究院景观学vs设计学研究中心常务副主任(北京 100084)