摘要:“自然、生态、野趣、保护、创新、人性化”一直是城市郊野森林公园的建设主题。从一个工程项目实例——上海滨江森林公园一期工程入手，以生态保护、生态恢复为出发点，结合地景梯度、地景密度的应用，以及公园规划布局、公园主体植物群落的实践操作、湿地景观的营造等诸多方面，全面阐述了当今城市郊野森林公园规划设计的方向，并提出了在环保节能技术运用方面存在的诸多困难因素，还有待于设计方和建设方共同努力解决。Abstract:Features of nature, ecology, wilderness, protection, innovation, and humanity have always been the theme of suburban forest parks. With the case study of the first phase project of Shanghai Riverside Forest Park, the trends of contemporary suburban forest park planning and design are fully expounded through various aspects like ecological protection and restoration, the application of landscape gradient and density, the park layout planning, the arrangements of main plant communities, and the wetland landscape creation. And many problems difficulties in environmental and energy-saving technology applications are pointed out, which need the designer and the constructor to work together to solve.

内容:4 公园主体植物群落的规划设计研究
在详尽调查植被现状的基础上，提出了植物多样性保护的设计原则——分级保护、分级开发，即按不同区域植被的生长势和布局情况对其进行不同等级的保护以及植被恢复、重建和可持续的开发。
(1)全面保护各类经过多年形成、结构稳定的原生态植物群落（包括次生态林、杂木林及草甸植物群落、原滩涂湿地等），保护原有水系及道路两侧已形成自然群落的植物景观，改进原有果木、橘园和原有植被中有特色的局部群落(图11)。
(2)调整、保留部分地块中现有数量较多、长势较好的苗木，并增加同种不同属或不同树种的乡土树种进行生态恢复设计，形成地域性的植物群落，手法模拟自然，力求生态化、群落化，选择2～3个不同规格和树龄的同种植物，使其占有不同的生长空间。
(3)基地内原有一些地块的色叶树、野花地被等结合地形改造，先迁移、后整体搬回，运用生态重建、易地保护措施形成新的森林景观。并选择部分在上海地区引种驯化后的新优树种，增加和丰富新植物景观。
(4)其他部分的地块，因苗木品种较复杂、规格较小，考虑全部迁移，结合总体景区分布和土方造型，通过人工模拟自然群落的形式，整体考虑植被的绿化设计[3]。

5 湿地景观的规划设计
上海滨江森林公园拥有滨江型和湖泊型两种湿地类型。
5.1 滨江型湿地
现在正在建设的滨江景观带属于滨江型湿地，它的规划设计所受到的局限和制约相对较多，需要综合考虑江河航道、大堤防浪、防汛等因素，可供选择的地域性水生植物相对有限。因而在驳岸设计中，以国家规定的防汛等级不降低为前提，增设台阶、踏步，让游客最大限度地接触江面，即将游步道标高最低控制在5.3m处。
5.2 湖泊型湿地
在原苗圃的西侧，地形条件适合营造湖泊型湿地类型，根据现状地势低洼，水杉、池杉长势良好等特点，结合功能分区，将该区规划设计为湿地引鸟区和湿地观赏区。
5.2.1湿地引鸟区
在现有苗圃、林地的基础上，结合地形和水系改造，由湿地向陆地逐渐形成4层植被功能结构：(1)营建20～50cm浅滩的湿地水域，1m水深及1.5m以上水沟等不同的水深环境，满足鸟类觅食、栖息和越夏等要求，水体沿岸种植一些沉水植物，浅水区域种植野茭白、荸荠、水芹、香茹草、慈姑等可食用的水生植物。
(2)沿鸟类飞翔方向一侧的水际岸边，植以疏林，满足鸟类飞翔的净空要求。
(3)在湿地边的小树林中种植蜜源植物、鸟嗜植物，如女贞、樟树、杨梅、青云实、花石榴以及刺槐、国槐、双荚决明等豆科植物，为招鸟、引鸟提供食物果源。
(4)外围沿主环线一侧以香樟、夹竹桃、女贞、金丝桃、黄馨等形成密林，阻隔外界对引鸟区的干扰和影响。
5.2.2湿地观赏区
利用基地丰富的野生湿地植物资源，通过“浮水沉水植物—挺水植物或湿地植物—陆生的乔灌草”这一植物生态型的渐变特点；木栈道（木平台）、沿水岸分布的溪流步道、水中汀步等小品元素对水体、滩地、湿地林、水生植物区、菖蒲植物区等景观的串联，形成特色鲜明的湿地观赏区。
(1)水生植物园
根据水生植物自身的水深要求、花期色彩的互补关系、高低错落的层次搭配，为游人创造最佳的观赏面，以免相互遮挡。以枫杨、垂柳、旱柳、湿地松、柽柳、湿生柳等湿地特色乔木营造上层空间。沿岸种植观赏价值较高的水生植物，品种达50种以上，如蒲苇、水烛、香蒲、旱伞草、大小香茹草、芡实、睡莲、慈姑、斑叶金钱蒲、水葱、水生美人蕉等。
(2)菖蒲种植带
在沿湖边大片的浅滩地上自由地布置花菖蒲、黄菖蒲、小菖蒲、石菖蒲等品种，并通过蜿蜒曲折的木栈道引导游人徜徉其间，激发游人观赏的兴趣。
(3)杉岛
以落羽杉、水杉、池杉、中山杉为上木，下木配置接骨木、鸢尾、大花醉鱼草、美丽月见草、玉簪、青云实等开花灌木及地被，营造自然野趣的特色景观氛围。
(4)湿地林
在现有苗圃、林地的基础上，通过地形和水系的改造，形成20～50cm的浅滩地，将大片水杉、池杉混植于此。林间汀步在大片千屈菜、花叶芦苇的掩映下若隐若现，使游人被植物的群体美和体量美所震撼的同时不由自主地来到湿地林深处(图12)。
Research on the Planning and Design of Shanghai Riverside Forest Park
REN Meng-fei, ZHU Xiang-ming
After two years’ construction, the quality of Phase 1 (120hm2) of Shanghai Riverside Forest Park has passed the examination on October 19th of 2006 and it’s now preparing for the test run. What we get from the two and half years’ designing is meaningful: In the suburb of metropolis like Shanghai, in order to construct a suburban forest park, we should exhibit the theme of “Nature, Ecology, Wilderness, Preservation, Innovation and Humanism” via three aspects, including the connotation of the park, form of expression and method of realization.
The original base of the park is a fork nursery which had existed for twenty years. The plan has to regard the topography, landform, water system and vegetation of the base, and also has to break the tradition and explore the designing train of suburban forest park of Shanghai Style——The designers are facing higher and more strict requirement.

1 Investigation and Deepening of the Planning Methods of Suburban Forest Park
Besides the conventional park-designing methods, such as acting according to circumstances and local conditions, we also do some eco-investigation with the designing methods of forest park.
1.1 Eco-preservation
The project works on the reconstruction of the original nursery, and so the conception of “Preservation” is upgraded after the detailed investigation of the circumstances of the base. The “Preservation” includes the following three aspects: First, not only the vegetation preservation of the plots but the eco-recovery；Second, it is comprehensive: ranging from functional nursery to ornamental natural forest; Third, it is active but not passive. Moreover, the designers put forward the designing principles of “Grading Preservation and Grading Exploitation”——using different preserved ways to the vegetation of different areas according to their growth characteristics and their distribution, and doing vegetation recovery and rebuilding of the plant community with eco-recovery methods; All follow the principle of the combination of conservation and sustainable exploitation.
1.2 Eco-recovery
The subject of eco-recovery specially studies the reasons of ecosystem degeneration and investigates the process and mechanism of the recovery and rebuilding of degenerated eco-system.
Via manual design and recovery, eco-recovery design works on the basis of the ecosystem that has been interfered to recover or rebuild a healthy ecosystem which has the abilities of self-adjustment and self-maintenance, including natural system, artificial system and semi-natural and semi-artificial system. Meanwhile, the ecosystem, which has already been recovered and rebuilt, serves for the nature and human with the proper manual regulation and control, and then fulfills the sustainable usage of the resources. It gives consideration to both ecological profit and economic benefit. The planning and implementation of Shanghai Riverside Forest Park is a kind of practical movement which is carried with designing methods of Nature and Diversity under the guidance of eco-recovery theory.

2 Application of Earth Landscape Gradient and Density
2.1 Earth Landscape Gradient
The gradient refers to the thing’s spatial characteristic which gradually changes along some direction regularly, like elevation gradient, sea and land gradient and so on. The plan of the park displays obviously in the type of gradual changes gradient of edge —— core area.
2.1.1 Eco-recovery Gradient
Eco-recovery gradient in forest park is gradually strengthened from south to north or from east to west. And it brings forest service, forest amusement and rest, forest protection and some other things related to the plan.
2.1.2 Changes of Stream of People in Earth Landscape Gradient
When the forest park is open, there will be four districts which have strong stream of people. They are center island, center lake around, wetland and cuckoo garden. And there will be two districts of hypo-strong people stream, and they are wood deck of forest conservation district and orange garden. Basing on the sufficient consideration of capacity of environment, the designers build path, bridge, plaza, toilet, lounge, pavilion and so on around district reasonably. The form and materials of establishment focus on the feature of nature and simplicity. And they cooperate with the around environment harmoniously, carrying out the design principle which is made at the early of the design.
2.2 Earth Landscape Density
The earth landscape density is used in the urban planning to express the contrast of different land density and the earth landscape quantity. In Shanghai Riverside Forest Park plan, we utilize the road network density, the architectural feature density and the open space density to elaborate design characteristic “Preservation, Innovation and Humanism”.
2.2.1 Road Network Density
The design of road network density is planned according to the dividing functional district in scenic spot. We have forecasted the distribution of stream of people. According those data, we can calculate that the whole area of scenic spots is 31hm2, taking up 26.5% of the whole area. However, in these spots, the rate of plant is 42%, about 21 310m2. These data represent the principle of road network density which should match with people density.
2.2.2 Architectural Feature Density
In the type of forest park, the architectural feature is a very important element of the landscape. The distribution density, form and function of architecture should embody the principle of matching with the around environment capacity. In this garden, we divide the architecture into two types according to the using function. (1) Public Service Establishment ( public, amusement, rest and service): tearoom, toilet, quay, lounge and pavilion. (2) Management Establishment: office building, nursery house and so on. The first type is near to the main spot, so it arranges the space of walking and break. The second type is near to the passageway and gives attention to the conservation of the whole garden.
The architecture and feature of phase 1 is 4 800 m2, about 0.41% of the whole area, is far below the national index which regulates those two under 2%.
2.2.3 Open Space Density
To create a certain density of open space is a common design technique that embodies the different functions of each area in a park.
This project is based on the replanting of current nursery, so well-growing young plants in the park should be reserved to a maximum limit, but in this way, the park seems too dense with trees without wide and attracting waterscape. So after many times of exploration, we have taken a detailed analysis and adjustment of the growing situations and distribution of the young plants in the plot 20, accessorily of plot 20, plot 22, plot 14 on the southeastern part of central lake and plot 10. These five plots are designed as open spaces, and are integrated with central lake of 1 100m2 to create a total open space of 9 000m2(7.5% of the total park). Although it is not large, this area is relatively centralized to emphasize the feature of open space.
This design technique has two advantages: (1) Avoid the boundedness of tourists’ sight; (2) Efficiently disperse the tourists from the main entrance.

3 Research on the Plan of the Park
3.1 Compound Road Network
Integration of straight roads and curve roads creates the road network of the park. Straight roads are mainly rebuilt from the selectively reserved flaggings in the park. After rebuilding the broken parts and lengthening some parts, we make the flaggings an integrate part of the whole road network. At the same time, reservation of the flaggings is one of the most direct and useful ways to keep the unique features of the park. Newly built roads are mainly curve road, it has three main characteristics:
(1)Distinguish the guide signs of the reserved and new roads, express the design theme between preservation and innovation;(2) Winding path leading to wilderness spot, to accord with the design characters of suburban forest park;(3) Enjoy a different view with every step, useful to the organization of plant landscapes and open spaces.
3.2 Water System and Riverway
The water system and riverway in the park is in a good condition. There are plant remains and plant community left after natural selection. Designers keep the current water system and try hard to present natural scenery.
Meanwhile, according to the master layout of the park, waterscapes are designed in the wetland area, central lake area and orangery area, but in order to reserve young trees, these water areas are relatively small. To solve this contradictory, we take the design techniques of Chiangnan botanical garden for reference and try to integrate all the small water areas.

4 Research on the Plan of Main Plant Community
On the basis of detailed research on the current plant situation, designers put forward the principles to protect the diversity of plants. According to the growing situations and distribution of plants in different areas, designers plan to take different ranks of protections, and take recovery, reconstruction and sustainable development for the vegetation.
(1)The design protects the original plant communities(including second ecological forests, shaws, helolochmium and mudflat and wetland) of stable structure and longtime shaped. It also protects existing watersystem and natural landscape along the road and improves the distinctive communities in original plants, fruit trees and orangeries.
(2)To constitute regional plant communities, the designers preserve those well growing main plants and add some native plants of various species to recover the ecological environment. The dealing way is natural, ecological and regional. It chooses 2-3 homogeneity plants of different size and years to create plants growing within various spaces.
(3)Integrating landform reforming, the plants in some existing plots of the base are transplanted and then moved back together. With eco-rebuilding and moving protecting methods, new forest scenery is created. The design uses some new excellent tree species introduced and domesticated in shanghai to enrich new plant landscapes.
(4)In plots elsewhere, for their complex and minimal mount, those plants are all transplanted. Integrating the location of overall scenic spots and earthwork shapes, the greenery designs are comprehensive with natural community simulation.

5 The Research of Environmental Energy Saving Technique Design
The energy saving technique is widely used in the park construction. Within the park, the median water system in water-supplying design, the system of rainwater and sewage in drainage design, and the environmental energy-saving technique are integrated tightly.
But for some economic or time reasons, those new environmental techniques and sources including eco-environmental washroom and solar lamps etc. are not implemented. It is very pitiful. Also these bring forward new problems for designers and builders.

6 Conclusion
In Shanghai, it’s the first time to plan and construct suburban forest park. It is also at the beginning stage in China. We find some problems in the spot out of joint with the plan, which we should improve, explore, and solve in future work.

作者简介:任梦非/1969年生/男/上海人/上海市园林设计院创作室副主任/高级工程师/研究方向为风景园林规划设计（上海 200031）
朱祥明/1959年生/男/上海人/上海市园林设计院院长/教授级高级工程师/国家一级注册建筑师/研究方向为风景园林规划设计（上海 200031）